Yet, literature indicates that victims are likely to be blamed for their actions, and potentially even seen as sexually promiscuous for sharing such images (Feather, 1999).ĭespite the documented high incidence of sexting in adult romantic relationships (Drouin, Vogel, Surbey, & Stills, 2013 Klettke et al., 2014), the perception persists that individuals who sext might be more promiscuous (Giroux, 2011). Negative outcomes for victims of leaked intimate images have been demonstrated to be widespread and potentially severe (Franklin, 2014). While the prevalence of sexting has been estimated at around 50% (Klettke et al., 2014), one in 10 Australians have reported having had a nude or semi-nude image of themselves dispersed online, or forwarded on to others without their permission, with the majority of victims appearing to be female (Powell & Henry, 2015). One of the potential consequences of sexting and coercive sexting is the distribution of these intimate images (often by an ex-lover, following a relationship breakdown) without the individual’s permission, commonly referred to as ‘revenge porn’ or ‘cyber rape’ (Kitchen, 2015). Coercive sexting occurs when a partner uses pressure or coercion to obtain the desired sexting messages and is also a growing problem (Kernsmith, Victor, & Smith-Darden, 2018).
Sexting, the sending and receiving of sexually explicit messages or images through electronic means, is a modern form of sexual expression that is growing rapidly in popularity, primarily among young adults (Dir, Cyders, & Coskunpinar, 2013 Klettke, Hallford, & Mellor, 2014). There is a need for policy to address potential stigma directed at ‘revenge porn’ victims. Results indicated that victims were perceived as more promiscuous and more blameworthy when they were more naked, and by participants with more traditional gender roles. Two distinct nudity levels: low (lingerie) and high (bare-chest, breasts exposed) were included, and participants’ responses to the Sexual Double Standards Scale were analysed to determine whether acceptance of the traditional sexual double standard was correlated with victim perception. One hundred and twenty-two individuals were presented with a scenario depicting a leaked intimate image with a female victim. This research investigated the perceptions that individuals form about ‘revenge porn’ victims, aiming to gain more understanding from a victimisation perspective as a first step towards improving victim outcomes. The American Kennel Club recognizes 199 breeds.‘Revenge porn’ or ‘cyber rape’ occurs when intimate images that were previously sent with permission are leaked to a wider audience without consent.
There are over 340 dog breeds known throughout the world. Once approved by the AKC, a standard becomes both the breeder’s “blueprint” and the instrument used by dog show judges to evaluate a breeder’s work. The AKC standard for each breed originates with a “parent club,” the AKC-recognized national club devoted to a particular breed. So, then, when is a breed a breed and not just a kind or type of dog? The simplest way to define a breed is to say it always “breeds true.” That is, breeding a purebred Irish Setter to another purebred Irish Setter will always produce dogs instantly recognizable as Irish Setters.Įach breed’s ideal physical traits, movement, and temperament are set down in a written document called a “breed standard.” For example, the breed standard sets forth the traits that make a Cocker Spaniel a Cocker Spaniel and not a Springer Spaniel. All three have a distinct family resemblance, but you’d never mistake one for another. The Greyhound, for instance, was the foundation type for the immense Irish Wolfhound and the dainty Italian Greyhound. Eventually, there emerged specific breeds of dogs, custom-bred to suit the breeders’ local needs and circumstances. The sleek Greyhound types bred to chase fleet-footed prey, and the huge mastiff types used as guard dogs and warriors, are two ancient examples of dogs bred for specific jobs.Īs humans became more sophisticated, so did their dogs. Hunting, guarding, and herding are thought to be among the earliest jobs eagerly performed by the animal destined to be called “man’s best friend.”įor thousands of years, humans bred dogs toward the physical and mental traits best suited for the work expected of them. From the beginning, humans purposefully bred dogs to perform various tasks. The earliest dog breeders used wolves to create domestic dogs. People have been breeding dogs since prehistoric times.